Automatic calculator



Oct. 19, 1954 o. CESAREO :TAL

AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR Filed DBC. 17, 1946 11 Sheets-Sheet l lo. CESAREO f smic/n.5@

Arm/MEV Oct. 19, 1954 o. CESAREO :TAL

AUTOMATIQ CALCULATOR 11 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Dac. 17. 1 946 N @Fx 0. CAREO H! B /NVE/VTORS $7.. /CKLER- Arron/ver ou. 19, 1954 o, CESAR@ ETAL 2,692,082

v AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR Filed Dec. 17, 1946 11 Sheets-Sheet 3 llh FIG. 3

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F/a la a CESAREO Ml/ENTOHS w a srR/c/(LER Afro/mfr Oct. 19. 1954 o. CESAREO Erm.

AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR 11 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Dec. 17, 1946 CESAREO 5mm/LER 0.a i.wqmk .53.3. SW ,m

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ATTORNEY Oct. 19, 1954 o. CESAREO :TAL

uTouA'rIc CALCULATOR 11 Sheets-Sheet 5 /NVENmRTS u! Filed Dec. 17. 1946 5A 'B R/ vEl? ATTORNEY O. CESAREO EI'AL oct. 19, l1954 AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR 1i sheets-sheet s Filed DGO. 17. 1946 urn A INVENTORS O OO 0000 N ...um

ATTORNEY Oct. 19, 1954 Q CESAREO ErAL 2,692,082

AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR Filed Dec. 17, 1946 1l Sheets-Sheet '7 A 1mm/EV Oct. 19, 1954 Q, CESAREO ErAL 2,692,082

AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR Fixed nec. 17, 194e 11 sheets-sheet e v ,Nm/Tops @CESAREO W. B. STR/CKL? BV A TTORNE Y 0t 19,l 1954 o. CESAREO srAL 2,692,082

AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR mea nec. iv, 194e 11 Sheets-Sheets o. CESAREO ""ms w. .asm/CHER o. CESAREO s-r'lu. 2,692,082 AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR l1 Sheets-Sheet l0 ATTORNEY O. CESAREO W B. STR/CKLER Oct. 19, 1954 Filed Dec. 17, 1946 o. CESAREO :TAL 2,692,082

AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR 11 Sheets-Sheet ll JL .4L .NWQNJ Oct. 19, 1954 Filed Dec. 17, 1946 Q .QQ n.2 u n OO OO OO .OOOOOOO u OO OOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOO o OOOOO OO OOO OO OOOOOOOO u 00000 000900 00000000000000000000 Q0 0 @000000000000000 OOOOO OOOOO O OO n 00000 OO r| |l E. nu un n :ti 1.: o C... 3N.. ...nu u.. y m N MG WN 0 No 1| Y Au... n n... Y '.N n im Q m l W I I o. CESAREO NVENTQOfS W srR/c/r/ ER A T TOR/VE Y Patented Oct. 19, 1954 UNITED STATES ATENT OFFICE AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR Orfeo Cesareo, WashingtonA Township, Bergen County, and Walter B. Strickler, East IOrange,

N. J., assign'ors to Bell Telephone Laboratories; Incorporated,l New York, N. Y., a corporation of- New York Application December 17, 1946, Serial No. 716,754

ematical calculations may be carried out by thel movement of simple electromagnetic meanswithout the use of gear trains,A number wheels, cams` and other mechanical elements.

An object ofthe invention is to provide calculating means which will perform long, and complicated operations in a minimum of time and- Another object with a minimum of apparatus. is to provide for great flexibility inthe entry of problem data into a calculator;`

In mathematical parlance a function is a magnitude` which may be calculatedf from an argument. Thus the surface and volume of a sphere are functions of its radius which is the argument. Further, a magnitude may be a function of any number of argumentavso that a product is av function of the two arguments known as the multiplicand and the multiplier.

The calculation of many functions from given arguments is at times a longv and arduous operation and is always subject to human fallibility so that in the pastextensive calculations have been made, carefully checked and theresults tabulated and indexed by the arguments. Thesimplest of such tables are the multiplication tables drilled` into the memory of every schoolboy. Othersxare such tables as those used by the navigator and the astronomer and` recorded in great tomes. :f

There is thus available to the, mathematician' a great massof precalculated functions which is in constant use so that it is common practice in solving manyA problems to lookr up a function whichxmay fit into as a part of such problem f rather than to calculate it anew. An object of the invention isto adapt the use of massed and known information to a calculator so that during the process-of calculation the calculator may automatically look up a valuey needed as. part 3f the problem data.

In making a long and complicated calculation .t is common practice to calculate a plurality of 'unctions each corresponding to a` different-argunent and generally these arguments are ar- I' ranged in a logical sequence sovr that the calcufated functions represent a` series of points which nay be plotted to establish a curva The calcuation of each point follows the same routine,

the only difference being that different problem e lata is used in each instance. Accordingly in yhe present instance the calculator is controlled n its pattern of operation by a master or routine ndex, herein specifically in the. form of atape mwhich theA routine operational orders are recorded by code perforations.'A This routine, tapev will be arranged` to operate cyclically, that is` for the calculation of each point or function the routine tape will cause the calculator to operate through one complete cycle of its pattern of operations, for each argument entered..

lt is therefore a convenient arrangement to havea routine tape in the form` of an endless loop with one or more cycles of operational orders recorded therein and a separate problemy data tape containing the arguments arranged in successive blocks. Then in order to supply other problem datasuch as observed: readings. related to the arguments or known information needed in the solutions such additional problem data is supplied on additional problem data. tapes and these are placed in transmitters which may be moved at will in either direction so that the needed data may be selected.

A feature of the invention is a tape-controlled calculator having a routine tape containingy operational orders for controllingk the pattern ofv calculation, a principal problemV data tape for feeding argument values into the calculator and a plurality of other problem data tapes to feed other values as called for into the calculator. The routine tape will contain the operational orders for one or more completecycles of calculation and may be in the form of an endless loop having a single cycle if a comparatively small number of cycles of calculation are to ber per formedY or several cycles if a large number oi' cycles entailing considerable wear are to be performed. The problem data tapes are all essentially alike, each having informationl grouped in blocks recorded thereon. The information con tained in the principal problem data tape be considered the arguments of the problems this information inthe form of a seriescf numbers will be fed into the calculator one at a time as called for by the pattern of calculation. The action of the principal problem data tape transmitter will be on a straightforward'step-bym step basis. The other problem data tapes will be of two kinds, one containing observed data related to the data on the principalproblem tape andV another containingknown informationk such ascoefficientsfrom ballistic tables, tables-of sines, tangents', logarithms and so forth. The data in allthe problem data tapes will be recorded in blocks, each identified by a block number. In the pattern of calculation a cycle of calculation consists of theoperation of the calculator through one complete cycle of operational ordersfrom; they routine tape and one complete 3 block of data from the principal problem data tape. The other problem data tapes are placed in transmitters which may be driven either forward or backward so that a particular block may be sought and data thereafter taken from such a block. In the calculating operations the block of data being used from the principal problem data tape will determine the blocks which must be sought in the other tapes. By way of example, when an interpolated value is to be established, the corresponding values from four successive blocks must be sought and used. It should be noted that various types of calculation may require different numbers of tapes. A simple problem might require merely a routine tape and a. single problem data tape while a more complicated problem may require inl addition both a gathered data problem tape and one or more of the so-called table tapes containing known information. The routine tape of course will control the switching from tape to tape as required to enter the wanted information into the calculator.

A feature of the invention may thus be said to be the combination of a routine tape for determining the pattern of calculation operations, a principal problem data tape for the supply of problem arguments and one or more auxiliary problem data tapes for the supply of other necessary information. Stated otherwise, a feature of the invention is the combination of a cyclically operating master pattern control, a source from which argument values may be successively entered and one or more sources of selectable data. Again a feature of the invention may be stated as the combination of a routine tape in a transmitter driven forwardly to transmit each code separately and successively, an argument tape in a transmitter driven forwardly to transmit each code separately and successively under control of said routine tape and one or more problem data tapes, each in a transmitter driven either forwardly or backwardly under control of said routine tape to transmit codes selected by calculation from the codes in said argument tape.

Another feature of the invention is a means for automatically returning the calculator to a starting point when and if some trouble occurs which would otherwise stop any further operation thereof, so that the calculation of a new problem may be started. The device is provided with many check circuits for controlling the continuing operation thereof most of which will bring the operations to a halt andwill display a 4 signal giving a general indication of the trouble encountered. If such a stoppage occurs, it is desirable that there be some means to automatically start the device in operation again, for it is evident that Where the device is left to operate unattended for long periods much time might be lost if it were allowed to stand idle after it is brought to a halt. Consequently timing means are provided which come into operation a small interval of time after a stoppage occurs and which will result in an automatic restarting operation. Where the calculator is working on a problem entailing a large number of calculations in which the result of one calculation is not carried over into the next calculation, then the calculation in which the stoppage occurred is abandoned and the next one started. There are, however, other types of problems each1including a large number of separate calculations, each of which requires one cycle of operations in which the result of one is carried over into the next, then it being obviously useless to attempt a succeeding calculation, means are provided to not only recycle the device, but in addition to move on to another and entirely different and unrelated problem. Since the device is one which may operate over periods of hours, days or even longer intervals providing sufcient data is available, it is wasteful to risk a stoppage which might extend over many hours and hence means are provided to abandon any calculation which cannot be completed and start anew.

Another feature of the invention is the means for readjusting the problem data tapes when in the process of calculation it is found that certain `wanted problem data is unavailable.

The data recorded in the two tapes used in the problem data transmitter and the interpolator transmitter is recorded in serially numbered blocks and each tape therefore has an identical series of block numbers. In a first type of operation, herein termed class 1 operation, the rst block number encountered in the problem data transmitter is entered into the device and a new block number is calculated which is smaller in value than that entered. This operation is useful in making certain calculations of errors produced by a gun director from coordinates observed by a tracker. In class 1 operations the observed coordinates including quadrant elevation, range and azimuth for each second or equal part thereof are recorded in the tape placed in the problem data transmitter. At exactly the same times the gun orders including angular height, fuze and angle of train are recorded in the tape placed in the interpolator transmitter. The times at which these groups of data were taken are used as block numbers and are placed in serial order. In class 1 operation therefore, the tape containing the observed coordinates is placed in the problem data transmitter and that containing the gun orders derived from the observed coordinates by the director is placed in the interpolator transmitter. At the start of a calculation the problem data in the rst time block in the problem data tape is examined and a time interval is calculated which must be subtracted from the time used as an index of this time block, thus designating another time block lower in number thany any time block number recorded on either tape. When the interpolator transmitter starts to hunt for this calculated time block it will find that it does not exist, first through failure to find such a number and second through encountering a special recycle code which directs the problem data transmitter to advance to the next time block. This operation will be repeated until a calculated time block is found which contains sufhcient information for the purposes of calculation. In another type of operation, known herein as class 2 operation, the calculated time interval must be added to the value of the time block. Consequently near the end of the problem the calculated time interval will produce a time block number greater than any such number recorded in the interpolator tape and hence again when the interpolator transmitter starts to hunt for this calculated time block, it will find that it does not exist, first through failure to find such a number and second through encountering a special recycle code which established the fact that the end of the problem or even the end of the tape has been reached and preventsv any further trials. In another instance where the aiutanti dataffor someone-time block has not been provided the block number is recorded in the regular succession of such numbers but in place-of the missing data certain special signals are provided which will cause the other tape to advance and thus forego the calculations for that block.r`r

Thus a feature of the invention may be said broadly to be the provision of special recycle signals for controlling the calculator by causing it to automatically advance to vanother cycleeof calculation when needed data vis unavailable. More broadly stated, a feature of the invention may be said to be the combination of a plurality of problem data tapes in a corresponding plurality of tape transmitters one of which has control over the remainder and means responsive to the absence of problem data ina hunted blockv of problem data in a controlled tape to advance the controlling one of vsaid vtapes Vto a new-b1ock.

The drawings consists of ten sheets `having twelve figures, as follows:

Figs. 1 and 2 placed with Fig. 1 above Fig. 2 form a now chart having many of the aspects of a schematic circuit diagram and which may be used to gain an understanding of the interrelation and the interaction of the various components of the device in which the present invention is incorporated;

Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing how Figs. 4 to 11 inclusive and Fig. 13 may be placed to form a schematic circuit diagram to illustrate the operations when the device is recycled and particularly how a tape may be moved in either a forward or a backward direction;

Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of a reversible tape transmitter;

Figs. 4 and 6 show the recycle circuits for the master control circuit in which such tape transmitter is employed;

Fig. 5 shows the tens and units relays operated by the transmitter and indicates the code relays whereby any one of one hundred code leads or sets of code leads may be selected by a twodigit code;

Figs. 7, 8 and 9 represent the interpolator control circuit, Fig. '7 showing the transmitter and the translator relays operated thereby, Fig. 8 showing the circuits for controlling the movements of the said transmitter and Fig. 9 india eating the steering chain for controlling the distribution of data read on the interpolator transmitter tape;

Figs. 10 and 11 represent the problem data control circuit, Fig. 10 showing the transmitter magnets, the translator relays and in general the control circuits therefor and Fig. 11 indicating the steering chain for controlling the distribution of data read off the problem data transmitter tape; and

Fig. 12 illustrates a problem data tape such as one that would be used in the problem data transmitter in class 1 operation by showing the manner in which it is perforated, the meaning of the perforations, and the names of the symcomplete disclosure 'fand 'includes a disclosure :of the 'present invention, the other applications including the present application being vabbreviated disclosures of certain features of the complete device, as follows:

l Patent No. 2,671,511, granted March 9, 1954. Patent No. 2,666,578, .grantedanuary19,1954, I Patent No. 2,625,328, granted January 13, 1953.

Patent No. 2,679,977, granted Juuel, 1954.

The device in which the present invention is incorporated is a calculator operated by electrical circuit change, in which each new circuit operation lis dependent upon the successful completion of a previous operation. It consists essentially of a calculating arrangement, a plurality of tape transmitters of the kind commonly used in printing telegraph operation for entering both operational orders and mathematical information, a plurality of registers in which mathematical information from the tapes or calculated bythe calculator may be 'stored temporarily and a printing device'also of the type cornmonly used in the printing telegraph artfor'recording various items of information including the arguments of the problems, partial results and the final results.

In Fig. 1 there is shown a master control tape transmitter |0| which is used to transmit operational orders from a so-called routine tape into the master control circuit |06 which has general control over all the operations of the device. Other similar transmitters are the interpolator tape transmitter |02, the ballistic data tape transmitters |03 and |04 and the problem data tape transmitter |05, each with its control circuit. Ail of these transmit mathematical information from appropriate tapes and all of this information is generically problem data. That provided by the problem data tape constitutes the arugments of the problem, that from the interpolator tape constitutes correlated or empirical data, and that from the ballistic tapes constitutes table information or precalculated data such as is usually found in the so-called tables oi functions such as trigonometric, logarithmeti'c ballistic and other such data. In the operation of this device the routine tape is operated cyolically, that is, it runs through its transmitter over one complete set of routine orders necessary for the calculation of a function from one given argument or set of arguments. The problem data tape usually contains a series of arguments and is moved forwardly step by step under control ofthe master control circuit, the master tape operating through one cycle for each argument. The remaining tapes contain necessary information and may be moved from point to point either forwardly or backwardly to transmit information called for by the master control from time to time during the calculation.

The calculator here generally shown as included in the broken line rectangle 'I I5, consists primarily'of 'four relay registers, 'the A register =|23 constituting'an'augendelemena the v'B reglster |29 constituting an addend element and the C register and D register |30 being used alternatively a's sum elements. All problems presented to the calculator are in the form of problems in multiplication and the calculation is actually performed by summing the values registered at various times in the A and B registers. For this purpose a set of multiplying relays |21 and a set of multiplier relays |33 are provided, by means of which a multiplicand operating the multiplying relays |21 may be multiplied by one digit at a time of the multiplier which operates the multiplier relays |33. There is provided a set of switching relays |3| for determining into which register, the C register |25 or the D register |130, the values in the A and B registers shall be summed. Values stored in the D register may be transferred only to the B register |20, by way of an inverter |32. The inverter is a means by which the value Abeing transferred from the D register to the B register may be transferred as it is or in its complemental form. Values stored in the C register |25 may be transferred either to the A register or transmitted out over the C multiple ||1 for transfer to any one of the various registers shown in Fig. 2.

The calculator IIB is under general control of a steering circuit |2| which controls the various steps in a multiplying calculation cycle.

When a problem in division is presented, an additional circuit, the division steering circuit |22, is brought into action to make the necessary changes and alterations in the calculating cycle. The cut-in relays |20, ordered into operation by the master control circuit |06 through the code There are in this device several trunk lines or paths over which information may be passed, as

indicated by the arrow-heads on the lines representing these paths, such as the C multiple I |1, the R multiple ||5 and the M multiple 223. The C multiple generally is for transferring information from the C register to any one of the various storing registers shown in Fig. 2. The M multiple generally is for transferring multiplicands from any of the registers of Fig. 2 to the multiplying relays |21 and the R multiple is for transferring multipliers, a digit at a time, from certain of the registers of Fig. 2 to themultiplier relays |33.

Fig. 2 shows a plurality of registers, such as 202, each with its cut-in relay, such as 20|. The registers and the cut-in relays are controlled from the master control code distributing relays |08 over connections represented by the bundle |26. The master control circuit |06 is shown as having control over the other control circuits, such as the printer control |01, the interpolator control |09, the ballistic control ||0 and the problem data control The master control circuit |06 transmits operational orders from the master tape to the master control code distributing relays |00 which translates the routine orders into siz- 75 vice.

The printer control circuit transmits information into the transmitter distributor I2 in translated form suitable for telegraphic transmission, either to a printer ||3, where it is immediately recorded, or to a reperforator ||4 where it is recorded in code suitable for later operating a printer or for reentry into the device for other calculating purposes.

In general, the calculating device consists of three main groups of apparatus, a calculator, a plurality of entry devices in the form of tape transmitters and a plurality of storage registers. The entry devices include a master or routine tape transmitter which transmits operational orders for the entry of lvalues from the other tapes into the calculator or into the various registers or from the various registers into the calculator. In the embodiment of the invention disclosed herein and in the said Andrews-Vibbard application, a single routine tape transmitter is shown capable of issuing a cycle of routine orders. The tape provided for use in this transmitter is preferably in the form of an endless loop and it may have recorded therein one or several cycles of orders, depending on the probable use to which it will be put. The routine tape is used cyclically, that is, for one or one set of arguments entered the routine tape will issue one complete set of orders and then be adjusted to its starting point awaiting the entry of another argument or set of arguments.

The problem data transmitter holds a tape in which the arguments or sets of arguments are recorded and this tape is controlled to step forwardly a step at a time. Each argument or set of arguments is indexed under a so-called block number. In the typical example given in the said Andrews-Vibbard application, these block numbers are three digit time designations corresponding to the time intervals at which the information constituting the arguments and the correlated data were gathered.

The remaining tape transmitters are supplied with tape containing problem data in the form of data correlated to the argument data and v table information. The transmitter herein known as the interpolator transmitter handles the correlated data and is so named because data recorded therein must be interpolated. In one specific use to which the device of the present invention is put, two tapes of similar nature and having correlated information under an identical series of block numbers are provided. One tape contains the observed coordinates displayed on the dials of a tracker and the other contains the coordinates derived from these and known as the gun orders and which are displayed on the dials of a director. For the calculation of the errors in the gun orders by the so-called class 1 operations the tape containing the observed coordinates is placed in the problem data transmitter so that these coordinates are used as the arguments of the problems while the tape containing the gun orders is placed in the interpolator transmitter so that the gun orders are used as correlated problem data. In class 2 operations the tape containing the gun orders is placed in the problem data transmitter so that the gun orders are used as the arguments of the problem while the tape containing the observed coordinates is placed in the interpolator transmitter so that the observed coordinates are used as correlated problem data.

problem data circuit (except to register these values in the T register in order to get back the satisfaction signal to cause the advance of the transmitter). Next the Z symbol (so called because it is the code for Z used in the standard printing telegraph code) is encountered. This is a recycle signal which causes a general release (including the release of the number 999 registered) and a restart. The next group consisting of a PN (problem number) symbol is by-passed because after a recycle the problem data tape will move forward until the next ER signal is found, whereupon the problem data tape transmitter will then signal the interpolator transmitter circuit that it is about to register a problem number, then proceed to read the problem number into a register and finally camp on the following Z symbol. The Z code cannot become effective until the interpolator transmitter in response to the PN signal has advanced its tape, read off the problem number into a three-digit adder and the comparison of the two numbers from these two tapes has proved that they are identical. If they are not identical then the tape in the interpolator transmitter is moved forwardly or backwardly in accordance with the result of the comparison which not only indicates the lack of identity between the numbers but also shows whether the number from the interpolator tape is lower or higher than the number from the problem data tape. When correspondence of the problem numbers from the two tapes has been established then the circuits in the problem data transmitter circuit will respond to the Z` code on which this transmitter is resting whereupon this circuit will be recycled. Several ID (identiiication data) signals are now read off the problem data tape, the problem data is read off and printed, with proper spacing to set off the printed record. The identification data is followed by a pair of ID symbols to signal the end of the identication data and then a pair of ER symbols such as always placed before a block number. In Fig. 12, a block number |85 is shown properly followed by numbers representing quadrant elevation, range and azimuth, the observed coordinates. Preceding this block |80 there is shown a block |85, by way of example, where for some reason the data has not been available. Since it is desirable to keen an unbroken succession of block numbers in the tape which will go into the interpolator transmitter, the block number |85 is recorded and then followed by a Z and two ID symbols so that if this tape is driven to this block number this missing data signal will recycle the device.

At the beginning of the tape, as hereinbefore mentioned, there is a succession of three codes for the digit 9. This 999 is an end of problem" signal. In class 2 operation, when a block number higher in value than any recorded in the tape in the interpolator transmitter is called for, this number will be encountered after the last block number has been tested. It will give the information that the block number called for is not only not available but that no other still higher block numbers are available and, therefore, further operations in the problem now under solution are useless and advance to an entirely new problem must be made.

In this case the tape in the interpolator transmitter advances to the first PN symbol which Will then cause the tape in the problem data transmitter to advance until it encounters the Z or recycle signal. The two tapes are then advanced to the second PN symbol, the new problem numbers are compared and the new operations started. Also in Fig. 12 there is shown an end of tape signal (at the extreme right-hand end of the tape). This will bring the operations of the device to a halt when it is encountered either in the problem data transmitter (in class 1 operations) or in the interpolator transmitter (in class 2 operations).

It will thus be seen that a recycle signal may be effected in a number of different manners.

Let us assume, by way of example, that the tape in the problem data transmitter has reached a Z code. It may be noted that the problem data tape transmitter is a straightforward step-bystep conventional device. The tape reading fingers normally rest against the tape and those which nd holes protrude through such holes and close their marking contacts. When the stepping magnet |000 is energized, the fingers are withdrawn from the tape and the tape sprocket wheel is moved to advance the tape to the next code. Upon the release of the magnet |000 the fingers read the new code. The Z code will cause the operation of relays |00I, |002, |003 and |004 and result in the operation of the recycle relay 600 in the master control circuit over conductor 60|. With relays |00| to |004, inclusive, operated, a circuit may be traced from ground, armature 3 and back contact of GD relay |000, armature 3 and back contact of GD-I relay |008, armature! and back contact of M relay |008, the armature 2 and front contact of each of the relays |00 |002, |003 and |004, back contact and armature 3 of ER relay |0|0, back contact and armature 4 of RC-I relay |0|3, conductor 60| to the winding of RC relay 600 and thence to battery.

The ground sent out over conductor 00| will cause the operation of the RC relay 000, and the consequent release of the start relays ST and ST-I in the master control circuit. The release of ST-I relay 400 removes ground from conductor 421 and therefore releases the relays |00| to |004 to remove the recycle ground on conductor 60|.

- The recycle relay, however, has locked through its armature 4 and front contact and the back contact and armature of the end of cycle relay 622, and will thus remain operated until the master control tape has been returned to its starting point and has encountered the end of cycle code.

For the present purposes it is suiiicient to say that the operation of the recycle relay is akin to the operation of a general release relay since it opensk a numberl of locking circuits and releases a number of relays which can only be operated again when the routine operations are those performed at the beginning of a cycle. For instance, the operation of relay 600 from the application of ground to conductor 60| opens both the original and the locking circuit for the ST relay 605 and this in turn causes the release of the ST-I relay 400 by opening its circuit. The ST-l relay cannot again operate until certain given conditions in other circuits are satisfactory. This is indicated by the operating conductor 40| in its path through the contacts of relay |008 in the problem data control circuit, circuit 608 in the ballistic data control circuit 609, contacts of GD-I relay 825 in the interpolator data control circuit back to ground at armature 6 of ST relay 605. Hence, the proper starting conditions must be attained in each of the dependent circuits before the specific start relay 400 is again operated.

It may be stated in general here and will be explained 1n :detail `hereinafter that famumhersnf start relays are providedwhich operate in arcer- `tain sequence after 'the recycle relay has been operated. For instance vthe ST relay 006 willzoper- 4ate while the RC relay is operated when .theNC circuit, which reportsthat thevari'ouslother control-circuits are fully released, is closed. Following .this the IST-I .relay will respond when vthe various other Ycontrol :circuits have been activated .by what might be termed their .local .recycle :relays 'and certain down check circuits therein prove that their transmitters are 'normal and ready .to proceed. Lastly thereare Ythe ST-E and ST- relays which operate Whenthe recycle.operaticns.in 'the master control 'circuit have been `completed, :theRC `relay 600'andthe end of .cycle lrelay have returned to normal andthe fingers ofthetrans- 'mitter arereadyto transmitithe rstmaster code.

"The release .of ST-I relay '400 closes a circuit `from ground, thenormal contacts of theR--EK Skey102, the normal contacts of .theremoteR-BK key 403, armature 4 .and back contact Vof .Rf-.BK .'rlay404, back contact and armature I Vof ST-I .relay 400.Winding of PF relay 005 to battery.

Upon the operation of PF relay 405, a circuit .is closed from ground, armature 3 and front contact of PF relay 505, armature I and front contact and front contact and armature E of recycle .relay `($00, thence over the new course circuit vwhich may be followed through back contact vand armature 2 of RCI relay |0I3, through a circuit in the printer control circuit 630, a similar circuit `in .the ballistic data control circuit .609, a back contact on the .SC-f2 relay B02 (which is equivalent vto arecycle relay) in the interpolator control circuit, such back Contact beinghere indicated by the dotted line circuit 100, thence to the .armature 5 and front contact of the recycle relay 600, Winding of the ST relay 000 to battery. If all parts of .this circuit are closed, indicatingnormal operation, then the ST relay Will operate. Upon the operation of the start relay a circuit will be closed from ground, armature 5 'and front contact of ST relay 60B, armature and back'contact of EC-I relay 022, armature 4 andi-ront con- .Y

-tact of PF relay 405 and the winding of VPF-I yrelay `|5|2 to battery. Relay SI2 operates and'locks Iindependently of the PF relay 405 and closes ,ground to tWo leads G23 and EN which lead into .the problem data control circuit. The ground on :conductor 6|@ will cause the operation of the re- -cycle .relay I0| therein and the ground onfcon- `dnctor 6|@ will, after the recycle operation vtherein is complete, be extended to conductor "5I-0 `to cause the .operation of the .RTN relay .SI'L

Ground von conductor 0|3 operates vRC relay A |0II and this relay now locks in acircuit'from ground front contact and armature 'l of ST relay `00S. conductor 024, back contact and armature .-I of NC relay |0I4, back contact and armature `2 'of ER-I relay '|0I2, armature 2 and 'front .contact of RC relay |0| Larmature and back contact ofPNS relay I0|5 to the winding ofRC relay |0||. Relay |0|I causes the operation of RC-I relay I0|3 which closes one open point inthe cir- .cuit from conductor 6M, to conductor 6| 6.

With al1 ve of the relays |00| vto |005,.inclusive released as a result of the removal of vground from .conductor 021 by the release of .ST-I .relay 400, a down check circuit is closed from ground front contactand armature 8 of ST .relay-500, 4armature 4 and back contact of ERrelay IOI0, and in series a back contactand armature .of .each .ofthe relays |005 to.|00|, to the winding of.GD .relay |006. .GD .relay |000 .operates '..GDA .relay casacca '|001' thisfiniturn operates iGD-.I irelay |008. (.rD-I .'relay .|1008 :closes :a .circuit from ground, front Acontact zandzarmature 6 .of ST relay 6.06, armature I and .front contact of GD-I relay :0.25 in the interpolator .control circuit, circuit 6001111 v.the ballistic vcontrol .circuit 00S, :conductor 625, .armature .I and `front contact of GD-Irelay |008, conductor 40| to the ST-lrelay`00. ST-I relay 400 .operates yand locks operated to ground at the `front contact and armature I of ST relay vB00. ST-'I .relay 0.0.0 .in operating replaces ground on `conductor t2?, whereupon the Z .code which is .still in the vtransmitter isagainread off and the code responsiverelays |'00I to |004 reoperate accordingly. The reoperation o'frelays I00| to v|004 vWill open :the ldoWn-check .circuit .and restore irelays |000, I'00land |008, in turn. The GDA relay f |001 is slow inreleasing tocontrcl the GD-|.relay |008 to hold the circuit of the stepping .magnet :|000 .open .for a -short interval after the downcheck circuit .has been open. Whenthe relays |006, 'I 001 .andnlfllfare all released, acircuit may .be traced from ground, armature .3 andback contact of GD relay |005, armature 3 and back contact :of GD-l vrelay |000, armature ,2 rand back contact of .M relay |009, armature I .and :front Vcontact of A relay |00 I tand thence through armature and front :contact of RC .relay |0I| to operate ADV .relay I.0I.'|. The .operation .of ADV .'relayil'l 1 in turn causes the operation of M relay |009. M relay .|000 operates .and locks to 4conductor 4.21 .and causes .the operation of stepping magnet |000. M relay |000 in operating also re- 'moyes the `ground on rconductor 421 from vthe .marking contacts of the problem data transmitterso that .relays .IO0I vto |004 Will lrelease and 'again .close the :down-check circuit to relays I 006,

|007` and |000.

Whenstepping magnet |000 is energized, the .ngers nf vthe problein'data transmitter are Withdrawnfromthe'tape and the tape sprocketwheel rotates `to advance the ktape to the next code. When A relay |00| releases as a result of theremoval offground from the marking contacts of the problem .data transmitter, it opens the operating vcircuit'for ADV relay IOI`| which releases. When all ofthe relays I`00| through |005 are released, a circuit may be traced from ground, front contact andarmature 0 of .ST relay B06, armature 4 and back contact rof .ER relay I0 I 0 and in series a back .contac'trand .armature .of each of the relays |005 yto.|00| ,through winding of GD relay |006 to battery. GD :relay :|006 operates and in turn oper- :atesGDA :relay |001. GDA relay |001 in operat- .ing in turn ioperates GD-I relay |000. The oper- ;ationcf GD relay|005iand GD-I relay |008 opens vthe locking circuitfor' M relay |009 and relay |009 releases. The .release of `M relay |000 releases vsteppingmagnet 000 and restores the ground on `conductor r421 to 'the marking contacts of the problem data transmitter. Upon the release of stepping magnet .I 000,.tl1e iingers of the transmitter read thenew code which has been advanced intothe reading position and relays I00| tov |005 operate accordingly.

It .is'ra fact thatin'thetape such as that shown in Fig. .12a Z code is followed in every instance by someone or another one hole code which Will causeithe operationof the M rela-y |009. Let us `assumezin'this case that the problem data tapehas encountered the Z code rfollowing the 009 signal and .that consequently the FN code is' ready 'to bereadloif. Therefore, when ground is again re- :store'dtothe conductor 42.1 bythe release-of M ,relay [00.0,1xrelay '|004 will fbecome energized Vin l response to the PN code. This will break the down check circuit and restore the relays |006, |001 and |008 in turn. The GDA relay |001 is slow releasing to control the GD-I relay |008 to hold the circuit of the stepping magnet |000 open for a short interval after the down check circuit has been opened. When the relays |006, |001 and |008 are all released, a circuit may be traced from ground armature 3 and back contact of GD relay |006, armature 3 and back contact of GD-I relay |008, armature 2 and back contact of M relay |009, the armature and back contact of each of relays |00I, |002 and |003 and the front contact of relay |004, conductor |0|6, armature 1 and back contact of PN relay 843 in the interpolator control circuit, conductor 844, armature 3 and back contact of PNS relay |0|5 and thence through armature 4 of the RC relay |0|| to operate the ADV relay |0|1 to cause the operation of M relay |009. Relay |009 operates and locks to conductor 421 and causes the operation of the stepping magnet |000. When stepping magnet |000 is energized, the fingers of the problem data transmitter are withdrawn from the tape and the tape sprocket wheel rotates to advance the tape to the next code. Relay |009 also opens the ground on conductor 421 to the marking contacts of the transmitter so that relay |004 will release and again close the down check circuit to the relays |006, |001 and |008. On the release of relay |004 the original circuit for relay |009 is opened but it is not until the operation of both relays |006 and |008 that relay |009 is allowed to release. The release of M relay |009 releases stepping magnet |000 and the fingers of the transmitter read the next code which has been advanced into the reading position and the next code thereupon becomes eifective. The PN relay |0|8 operates in parallel with the ADV relay |0|1 with results which will shortly be described. The PN relay does not lock at this time since its locking circuit is controlled by the RC relay 600 which is now operated.

The next code is an ER code-that is, a fivehole code whereupon all five of the relays |00| to |005 inclusive will respond. The down check circuit is again broken and in time all of the relays |00$, |001 and |008 will be returned to normal. The ER relay |0|0 will respond to a series up check circuit controlled by the relays |00| to |005, inclusive. Now a circuit Will be established from ground, armature 2 and back contact of GD relay |005, armature 2 and back contact of GD-I relay |000, armature and back contact of M relay |009, armature 2 and front contact of ER relay |0|0 and the winding of ER-I relay |0| 2 to battery. The RC relay |0I and the RC-I relay |0|3 are maintained energized from the ground on conductor 6|3 so that now the ground on conductor 6 4 will be closed through the armature and front contact of ER-I relay |0|2 to conductor 6|6 to cause the operation of the RTN relay 6 I1 in the master control circuit.

The operation of the RTN relay will insure that the master tape be returned to its start position and then started on its cycle of operations. The first code position on the master tape is a blank, from which position the master tape is advanced only when all of the various dependent circuits of the calculating device have reported back to the master control circuit that they are ready to go forward. The next order which the master or routine tape issues is one to determine and fix the class of operations which will be performed. Let it be assumed that the tape shown in Fig. 12, containing the observed coordinates is to be placed in the problem data transmitter and that the companion tape, that containing the correlated gun orders is to be placed in the interpolator transmitter. The order issued by the master tape is therefore to prepare for class l operations. It will be shown hereinafter that if such orders are issued and then the tapes in the problem data transmitter and the interpolator transmitter are reversed (as they should be for class 2 operations) then the device will block and an alarm will be brought in.

Now after this class information has been fixed, the master tape issues orders for the problem data transmitter to proceed. As a general description of this it may be noted that (in Fig. 5) a master code 05 will place a ground on the conductor 520 which among its functions will operate circuits (not shown here) which will place a ground (in Fig. 10) on the conductor leading to the M relay |009 to advance the problem data tape. This will be more fully explained hereinafter.

The operation of the RTN relay 6|1 starts the return of the master or routine tape 4|4 to its starting p-oint where the lingers of the transmitter will all reach their marking contacts through the perforations of a five-hole code. The operation of the ST| relay 400 heretofore described has allowed the PF relay 405 to release so that now a circuit may be traced from ground, armature 6 and back contact of EC-l relay 622, armature 5 and front contact of RTN relay 6|1, back contact and armature I of PF relay 405, armature 2 and front contact of PF-I relay 6|2, back contact and armature 3 of RTN-5 relay 406 the winding of RTN-2 relay 401 to battery, Relay 401 operates primarily to disconnect the transmitter lingers from their code responsive relays (in Fig. 5) vand to connect them all to conductor 408. Through its armature 1, relay 401 extends ground through the normal contacts of armature of RTN-4 relay 409 the winding of RTN-3 relay 4|0 to battery. Relay 4|0 operates and through its armature places ground on the five transmitter spacing contacts so that as long as any single one of the transmitter fingers rests on a spacing contact a ground will be found on conductor 400 to lock RTN-3 relay 4|0 in its operated position in a circuit which will shortly appear. Relay 4|0, through its armature 2 extends ground to armature 2, back contact and the right-hand terminal of RTN-5 relay 406 and thence to thevwinding of RTN-4 relay 409. As long as ground is maintained on this armature 2 of relay 406, relay 406 cannot operate. Relay RTN-4 operates and in addition to closing the locking circuit for RTN-3 relay 4|0, extends ground from armature 2 of RTN relay 6|1 through front contact and armature 5 of relay 409 to` the left-hand terminal oi' RTN-5 relay 406. Thus, it will be seen that in the following movementof the tape, ground will be maintained on the transmitter spacing contacts until a five hole code is found, whereupon RTN-3 relay 4 |0 will release and RTN-5 relay 406 will operate in series with RTN-4 relay 409.

Now it may be noted that through its armature l the RTN relay SI1 extends ground over the normal contacts of armature 4 of RTN-5 relay 406, back contact and armature of D-RTN relay 62| to the winding of reverse magnet 4| I.

It is believed to be clear from the drawing that the operation of magnet 4| will cause the righthandpawl of the ratchet 4|2 to engage a ratchet wheel which will turn the shaft 4|3 in a reverse (clockwise) direction (under control of the lever 4I5) to move the tape 4| 4 in a reverse direction.

During the operation of RTN-4 relay 409 and before relay 406 is operated, a ground may be traced from the front contact and armature 3 of RTN-3 relay 4 I 0, the armature I and back contact of RTN- relay 406, front contact and armature 2 of RTN-4 relay 409, conductor 4|6, winding of tape stop magnet 4|1 to battery. Magnet 4|1 operates, removes the stop from the cam 4|8 and allows the transmitter to start a continuous operation under control of the motor 4 I 9, thus movlng the tape 4|4 continuously until a five-hole code (several of which are recorded in the tape at the starting position) is encountered. At this time, ground being removed from conductor 408, relay 4|0 will release, relay 406 will operate in series with relay 409 and the circuit of the stop magnet 4 I 1 will be interrupted so. that the transmitter will come to rest with all live of its iingers on a marking contact. The operation of relay 406 interrupts both the operating and locking circuits for relay 401 and relay 401 releases. The operation of relay 406 also releases reverse magnet 4I I. Ground may then be traced from armature I and front contact of RTN relay 6I1, front contact and armature 4 of RTN-5 relay 406, back contact and armature I of STP relay 420, back contact and armature I of M relay 42| to the marking contacts of the master tape transmitter.

In the normal operation oi' the master tape transmitter this ground connection is provided so that when the tens digit of a master code is encountered the relays 50| to 505 Will be operated. The right-hand armatures of these relays control two circuits, one to operate the master code relays represented by relays 500, 501 and 508 and another which will indicate that three and three only of these relays have operated. If anything other than three and three only are operated then conductor 500 will be grounded and the master control circuit will be recycled. The only exception to this is when all live of the relays are simultaneously released or operated.

Now after the master tape has been moved until a ve-hole code has been encountered so that through the loss of ground on conductor 400, relay 4|0 is released, RTN-5 relay 400 will operate in series with RTN-4 relay 409 and these relays will remain in this condition until RTN relay 6|'| is released. The operation of RTN-5 relay 406 releases RTN-2 relay 401 and connects the transmitter ngers to the tens relays 50| to 505 inclusive. Since ground is now extended to the marking contacts, all five of these relays will now operate (and lock to ground on armature 3 of SIT relay 605) so that a chain circuit from ground will be closed to conductor 52| to operate the end-of-cycle EC relay `628. This relay operates and locks through armature 4 and back contact of the STP relay 420. The EC relay 628 establishes a circuit from ground, armature 4 and front contact of relay 62S, a circuit 629 in the printer control circuit 630 (which is closed only when and if the control circuit is in proper order) the winding of EC-I relay 622 to battery. Relay 622 operates, and by movement of its armature 1, opens the locking circuit of PF-I relay 6|2 whereby ground is removed from conductors 6|3 and 6|4. As a consequence the RC relay I0|| and the RTN relay 6I1 in the master control :ircuit is released. The release of RC` relay |0I I feleases RC-I relay IOI3. The release of relay I1 releases relays 406 and `400. The operation if EC-I relay also releases the RC relay 600.

in the problem data circuit is released The movement of armature 6 of EC-| relay 622 opens the locking circuit 518 for the code relays so that if when this recycle operation takes place any one of these relays is in operated position it will be released.

Upon the operation of any one of relays 50| to E05 a ground is placed on conductor 500 so that as soon as RTN relay SI1 returns to normal a circuit will be extended from this conductor 509 through armature 4 and back Contact of RTN-4 relay 459, armature 3 and back contact of RTN relay SI1, back contact and ,armature 2 of TS-I relay 22, armature I and back contact of GD relay 620, the winding of TS relay 423 to battery, whereupon t. e TS relay 423 operates.

The M relay 42| is now operated in a circuit from ground, armature 2 and front contact of ST-I relay :100, armature 5 and front contact of TS relay 423, back contact and armature I of TS-I relay 422, winding of M relay 42| to battery. Relay 42| opens the ground to the marking contacts of the transmitter and through its armature 3 and the armature I of theSTP-I relay 420 places a ground on conductor 4I6 to step the tap along one step. The ground on `conductor `4| causes the operation of tape stop magnet 4|1. Magnet 4|1 operates and removes the stop from cam 4|8 which .allows the transmittel' to start operation under control of motor 4I!! to move tape 4M in a forward direction. During the nrst step of this movement auxiliary contacts 431 close and cause the operation of STP-I relay 426 which looks to ground at front contact and armature 3 of M relay 42|. .The operation of STP-I relay 426 removes ground from conductor 4H; and releases stop magnet 4I1. Therefore, tape 4I4 will come to rest after having taken one step in the forward direction to the next code in the master tape which follows the 5-hole ER Code.

A circuit is now established from ground, armature 2 and back Contact of RTN relay 6|1, front contact and 4armature 2 of M relay 42|, the winding of TF relay A425 to battery, resulting in the operation of the relay 425 and the transfer of the ngers of the transmitter from the tens relays to the units relays. A circuit may now be traced from ground, front contact and armature 2 of TSL relay 424 (this relay has responded to ground on armature `3 of EEC-I relay 622 since no one of the code relays 50G to 508 will respond to a five-hole code) armature 3 and auxiliary front Contact of TS relay 423, front contact and armature I of TSL relay 424, front contact and armature 6 of relay 423, front contact .and armature `4 of STP-I relay 425, normal contacts of armature 3 of TS-I relay 22, through the down-check circuit of the units relays 5| I to SI5 inclusive, conductor EIB, front contact and armature 0 of TF relay 425, winding of GD relay 620 to battery. Relay 620l responds and opens the locking circuit for the tens relays, thus allowing these re lays to release and remove ground from both conductors 509 and 52|. The original circuit for the EIC relay 620 is thus opened but this relay is now held locked by the STP relay 420. The loss of ground on conductor 509 removes ground from the back contact of armature 2 of TSf-I relay 422 and consequently this relay now operates in series with the TS relay 423 whereupon GD relay 520 is released. The operation of TS relay 422 opens the operating circuit for M relay l42| which releases. The release of M relay v42| opens the locking circuit for STP-I relay 426 which releases. 

